Economic Growth Essay - 696 Words

Economic Growth Economic growth refers to the rate of increase in the total production of goods and services within an economy. Economic growth increases the productivity capacity of an economy, thereby allowing more wants to be satisfied. A growing economy increases employment opportunities, stimulates business enterprise and innovation. A sustained economic growth is fundamental to any nation wishing to raise its standard of living and provide a greater well being for all. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the monetary value of all final goods and services produced over a year. It is the total value of production within the economy. The total value of production is the total value of the final goods or services less the cost of†¦show more content†¦Real GDP is measured by the following formula; [(current year quantity) x (based year price)]. A more reliable measure of economic growth is real GDP per capita; this measurement takes into account both the total production of the nation and the total population. Real GDP per capita measures the real income per head of the population. This can be measured by the following formula; Per capita nominal GDP = Nominal GDP / Population, Per capita real GDP = Real GDP / Population. Seven factors determine economic growth. Natural resources such as land, mineral deposits, waterways; climatic conditions provide an essential foundation to economic growth. Combined with the other resources of capital, labor and enterprises, natural resources can be developed and organized to increase the productive capacity if the nation. Consequently the quality and size of the labor force is a major determinant of economic growth. Education and vocational training are essential the growth potential of a nation. The promotion of education and job training schemes increase the knowledge, skills and flexibility of the workforce that contributes to potentially higher levels of productivity and efficiency. Whether from natural increase or immigration population growth can cause a higher level of economic growth. An increasing population re quires increased public spending on housing, education and other social needs while businesses expectations ofShow MoreRelatedEconomic Growth. Economic Growth Is A Topic Constantly1059 Words   |  5 Pages Economic Growth Economic growth is a topic constantly discussed in Why Nations Fail by Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson and Saving Capitalism by Robert B. Reich .The authors in both books seem to believe that we live in a society in which economic growth is not at its finest, but there is still hope. More detailed, Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson blame extractive institutions for the slow growth because in this occasion the political and economic systems are structuresRead MoreThe Growth Model And Economic Growth1072 Words   |  5 PagesEndogenous growth model, it clarifies long-run economic growth as radiating from economic activities that make new technological knowledge. Endogenous growth can be explained as long-run economic growth at a rate dictated by factors that are internal to the economic framework, especially those factors administering the opportunities and motivators to create technological knowl-edge. Over the long run, the pace of economic growth, as determined by the output per individual growth rate, reliesRead MoreEconomics : Economic Growth And Environment Essay1760 Words   |  8 PagesEconomic Growth and Environment Professor: Wuu-Long Lin Student: Yin-Chun Chou Student ID: 11602318 Table of Content 1. Introduction 2. Review of the literature 3. The methodology used in the study - Environmental Kuznets Curves 4. Analysis 4.1 Industrial Ecology 4.2 Is Environmental Protection Too Expensive? 4.3 Does Environmental Protection Reduce Economic Growth? 5. Policy Recommendation List of References 1. Introduction The natural environment is the foundationRead MoreEconomic Growth And Economic Development1328 Words   |  6 PagesEconomic growth is an economic term to describe an increase in a country’s national earnings of wealth, or the growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Swanenberg,2005). The measurement of economic growth is possible that the change in national income in comparison to the numbers held by the year before. In the world today, economic growth is one of the ways to determine how successful is the country’s economic activity (Swanenberg, 2005). This is explained by the fact that economic growth reflectsRead MoreEconomic Growth And Economic Development1177 Words   |  5 PagesEconomic growth and Economic Development is of the highest priority in regards to a well-functioning sovereign state. Economic growth powers an economy through the stability ensured by equilibrium in the circular flow of money accompanied by: growing international competitiveness in a globalised market, increase in real GDP through the appropriate allocation of resources most suited to the expansion of the economy, increase in aggregate demand and increased efficiency in the economy. Stagnation orRead MoreEssay on India China Economic Growth906 Words   |  4 PagesMAIN CATALYSTS TO GROWTH IN CHINA AND INDIA. India with about 1.2 million populations and china with about 1.3 billon population are two big demographic and emerging countries in the world .Over a past few decade India’s combination into the economic has been accompanied by remarkable economic growth (World Bank 2011 ¬).India is having the 3th position on the economy in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms (The Economic Times, 2012). India’s total GDP (gross Domestic Product) growth was 5.5% in 2012Read MoreEconomic Growth Of The Economy1506 Words   |  7 PagesEconomic growth rate can be measured as an increase in the capacity of an economy to produce goods and services, compared from one period of time to another (Investopedia). Ylan Mui and Nelson Schwartz offer information on what is stagnating our nation’s economic growth. Many have been looking at the economic growth of the third quarter very disheartened. U.S. economic growth during the third quarter expanded at a 1.5% rate, which is considerably lower than the last quarter. There are many reasonRead MoreEconomic Impact Of Economic Freedom On Economic Growth1403 Words   |  6 Pagesof economic freedom have dominated the economic theories as the best way to economic development, Many economists and politicians believe that economic freedom displays a significantly positive effect on economic growth, while others believe that the increased freedom will have a negative effects on economic growth. In addition, all of the international organizations such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) encourage developing countries to follow the freedom economic policiesRead MoreA Study On Economic Growth877 Words   |  4 Pagesstart thinking about economic growth, it is hard to think about anything else.† (On the Mechanics of Economic Development) This is a subject that has been studied by many economists over the years. Economic growth is important to understand because it relates to how people will live along with how society will succeed in the future. â€Å"Without economic growth, higher income levels and living standards cannot be achieved.† (Macroeconomics) What is economic growth? Economic growth is the increase ofRead MoreLiberalization And The Economic Growth2232 Words   |  9 PagesLiberalization or the 1991 economic reforms marks 25 years this year. Debates continues on whether growth precede or followed liberalization. India has experienced unprecedented growth over the past three decades. However this growth has co-existed with increase in inequality, unemployment across the country as certain regions, sectors and social groups have disproportionately benefitted from the growth. At least 38 percent in India continue to live below the national poverty lines (Ruparelia et

Outline of the Basic Principles of Sentencing Essay

Outline of the Basic Principles of Sentencing Legal system is one of the most important parts of the Government, which directly affects the society and people in the society; as a result, researchers and criticisers have always inspected it. This essay will outline the basic principles of sentencing in United Kingdom. There are five general aims or functions or justifications of punishment in the UK’s legal system, which are: 1. RETRIBUTION Retribution rests on the notion that if a person has knowingly done wrong, he or she deserves to be punished. This idea was at the heart of the previous Conservative Government’s White Paper† Crime, Justice and Protecting the Public†. The Government†¦show more content†¦Remorse is another consequence of Rehabilitation, which will happen as result of self-awareness after experiencing education and hearing some advices from other people. This can include various types of assistance provided in prison or in the course of a probation order, which are intended to help the offender to improve his social skills, his employment prospects, or his capacity after welfare benefits. Rehabilitation is affected by:  · Individual sentence  · Community penalty, i.e. a Community Service Order, Probation Order or Combination Order. 4. PROTECTION OF THE PUBLIC Protection of the public is one of the major justifications claimed for punishment. For example, imprisonment leads to the incapacitation of offenders so that they are prevented (at least temporarily) from offending against the public at large. Protecting the public is so important that Capital punishment will be given in some cases. This aim is affected by:  · Death penalty for murder  · Long prison sentence  · Electronic tagging 5. REPARATION Reparation is a procedure to help victims come to terms. In fact, it is a good way to compensate both financial and physical damages, however physical damages sometimes cannot be compensated for instance, when someone dies as a result of the injuries made byShow MoreRelatedSection 3a Of The Crimes ( Sentencing Procedure ) Act 19991572 Words   |  7 PagesSection 3A of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 outlines the official purposes of sentencing: http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/cpa1999278/s3a.html These ‘purposes’ are often said to be in conflict. Analyse these stated purposes in light of the broader philosophies of punishment in order to explain the tensions that are inherent in the business of punishing. Your essay should present an informed argument on which purposes and/or alternative understandings of justice shouldRead MoreCrime Data And Its Effects On Victims And The Public Essay1627 Words   |  7 Pagesvictims effect their reporting of crime. Crime data and its effects on victims and the public From the beginning of the article, Commissioner Burns makes the point that statistically the rate of crime is decreasing within South Australia. He also outlines that Adelaide is a safe city, with the lowest crime rate per head of population in Australia. He states that crime in South Australia has reduced by forty percent over the last ten years, which is a significant reduction. The statistics of crimeRead MoreCrime Data And Its Effects On Victims And The Public Essay1597 Words   |  7 Pageswith victims and their reporting of crime. Crime data and its effects on victims and the public From the beginning of the article, Commissioner Burns makes the point that statistically the rate of crime is reducing within South Australia. He also outlines that Adelaide is a safe city, with the lowest crime rate per head of population in Australia. He states that crime in South Australia has reduced by forty percent over the last ten years. 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Basic Introduction and description - Introduce basic sides of Criminal Law and Elaborate II. General History and Development - Discuss the history and modifications of Reform Laws in California III. Main Problems and Concern Stimulants - Point out real life statistics and point out incidents IV. Conclusion - Point out the need for an extreme reform and what can be done SENTENCE OUTLINE I. 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International Business And Mergers And Acquisitions Free Essays

string(33) " the size of both organizations\." Introduction Many activities of mergers and acquisitions involve companies that are relatively small- those that are inexistent on the mainstream business radar (James, 2007). There is a particular theory among executives that expansion is the best way to approach globalization. The idea has been shared for more than 100 years as illustrated by Karl Marx’s perception a hundred years ago that a single capitalist will always kill many others. We will write a custom essay sample on International Business And Mergers And Acquisitions or any similar topic only for you Order Now This meant that several capitalists that are constantly dwindling will in the end monopolize everything. The situation in global mega-mergers, then, is a do-or-die one where the business entity desiring to survive, has to be among the biggest players in the world. There are a number of benefits that are associated with mega-mergers but limitations exist as well (Hill, 2010). Benefits of global mega-mergers Strategic benefits come with a combination of two organizations that are highly complementary. When the companies combine, the fixed costs get to be reduced since the duplicate departments and operations get to be removed. Profit margins also increase resulting from the lowered costs of the organization relative to a similar revenue stream. A number of efficiencies also get to be improved after the mega-merge for instance when the merge leads to an increase in the scope of marketing (Graham et al, 1997). Another strategic benefit associated with mega-mergers is the increase in revenue or market share that comes with the merge (Gaughan, 1991). The two companies combining here are both international companies that trade in the international market hence each company’s competitive power is high. The eventual entity that will be formed from the two combining companies will absorb this competing power and increase the market power of the resulting organization. An example of these strategic benefits in a mega-merger is the 2001 merging of Hewlett-Packard and the Compaq companies (James, 2007). Initially HP went through the usual challenges of a merge including internal turmoil that resulted from the laying off of a considerable number of former Compaq workers. The stocks of the Company went down and in the company’s efforts to market as well as differentiate the two PC’s brands; Dell took advantage and absorbed the market share. However, four years later the two organizations consolidated well and HP increased its market power, the cost structure became improved and the company went ahead to become the largest vendor of PC in the world (James, 2007). Limitations of global mega-mergers Global mega-mergers require a considerable amount of time and effort before the two organizations can successfully consolidate and integrate the operational functions smoothly. This is probably the biggest limitation of a global mega-merger since people issues will have to be addressed and coming to terms with the new company’s organizational details will not be immediate. Additionally, an extremely complicated merger is less likely to survive the integration process (Straub, 2007). Sometimes the expansion of the company is not a corporate desire but rather it is influenced by the market trend and the herd behavior (Ghadar and Ghemawat, 2000). When other companies in a particular industry choose to follow a particular path, the other companies are inclined to follow suit in order for them to signal that they are ‘with it’ or just to hide in the herd and not stand out as the odd one out (Ghadar and Ghemawat, 2000). An example is a manager of a European bank who sees a majority of its larger competitors choosing to go pan-European (Ghadar and Ghemawat, 2000). This manager would be inclined to follow suit to avoid being the odd one out although the manager is aware that there is a tendency of size increasing complexity instead of savings. This pack mentality is further reinforced by incentive systems in the industry that base the performance of a CEO on the comparison between the company’s performance and that of its competitors (Ghadar and Ghem awat, 2000). Global mega mergers cause the company to overlook other equally beneficial alternative approaches to globalization. The fact that many companies share a common assumption that mergers are the best way to deal with globalization blinds the companies to other better options. The only occasion that a merger can be considered appropriate and necessary is when it is recommended after a detailed assessment of the market conditions and the strategic options of the company (Cartwright and Schoenberg, 2006). Many executives believe the global economy to be an economy that favors the winner alone although no empirical evidence has been found yet to validate this assumption (Cartwright and Schoenberg, 2006). Resulting from this assumption, executives believe that the larger the cross-border deal they engage in, the stronger the company becomes globally. This limited view makes them forget that there are other alternative ways that can be used to approach globalization rather than continuous expansion. Conclusion The idea that global mega-mergers are the right approach to globalization is beneficial if it is done for the right reasons and after a comprehensive assessment of the appropriateness and the risk factors. The strategic benefits that come with the merging elevate the company to new heights in the market. Successful consolidation results in increased market power as well as revenues. The problem sets in when the MA activities are done from influence, the herd behavior or a misguided notion of the approach to globalization. This usually leads to a complicated merger whose probability of surviving the integration or consolidation process is very low. Essay question 2 Introduction Business leaders engaging in a merger or acquisition get to be confronted with diverse challenges especially when the activity is taking place within a complex cross-border event. The global mega-merger is one such type of merger that poses numerous challenges both prior to and after the merging activity. This can be attributed partly to the large size of both organizations since they are more diversified. In addition, the processes that will be followed before and after the merger is completed will be complex due to the size of both organizations. You read "International Business And Mergers And Acquisitions" in category "Essay examples" A sound strategy as well as a deep understanding of the issues relating to the operations, tax, and culture of both organizations is very necessary if the planning and initiating of the MA deal in the pre-merger phase is to be successful. The negotiation and valuation skills also have to be comprehensive in order for the deal to be closed favorably. The challenges tend to magnify after the deal is closed. The post-merger integration phase is characterized by the strategic buyers unlocking the announced value and integration of a number of functions, cultures and processes. The challenges that crop up prior to and after the deal is closed create a risk of failure that must be reduced if not eliminated. Measures in pre-merger phase In the pre-merger phase, priority should be on selecting the appropriate acquisition target. In order to reduce the risks of failure, the pre-merger phase has to be approached through a comprehensive due diligence analysis. The comprehensive due diligence will enable the two firms to have clear picture of what they are getting into or what they are becoming a part of. The target profile will therefore be created in the due diligence analysis. The appropriate attorneys, tax advisors as well as auditors have to be consulted before the complete target profile is formed (Straub, 2007). A target profile that follows this thorough analysis is less likely to result to an inappropriate target choice. The eventual target profile created enables the company to realize which the best possible deal is and which is not. This is then followed by sound negotiating skills. After the experts value the target, other professional with the necessary negotiation skills should be introduced to go through with the negotiation process. This detailed process starting from the due diligence analysis to the negotiation process will ensure every possible aspect has been observed and the risk of the merger failing because there was an element that was overlooked gets to be reduced. When the full value potential of a merger is not identified and unlocked the risk of the merger failing stays high (Auerback, 1988). Value can only be created in a merger when the synergies’ value is more than the paid acquisition premium. In order to identify and unlock the full value of the merger, the revenue and asset efficiency have to be enhanced, the OPEX and cost of capital have to be reduced, and the integration costs have to be monitored tightly (Straub, 2007). Areas with the highest value potential can be identified when industry-specific benchmarks and synergy opportunity checklists are utilized. A number of benefits spots need to be sought aiming to unlock more sources of value from the merger in addition to the pure consolidation benefits and reconfiguration benefits. Measures in the post-merger phase In the post-merger integration, a long term strategy should be planned to be applied starting the first day. It is also important to define the target state of the new entity. The integration master plan formulated will determine the clarification of the new business as well as that of the operating model. The merger needs sustainable employee support which can be ensured through application of meaningful communication together with a cultural change program (Straub, 2007). Cross-border mergers are large and complex and therefore require a program office that will coordinate and monitor the process of integration across the different countries, functions, as well as business units. The post-merger phase also requires an MA lifecycle management to be carried out consistently so that business areas that are not fitting the corporate strategy can be divested (Straub, 2007). This divestment reduces the risks of the merger failing resulting from allocation of resources to business areas not fitting the corporate strategy. A divestment strategy should then be developed, potential areas of divestment identified and analyzed and an appropriate demerger concept designed (Auerback, 1988). Leadership compatibility issues also have to be taken into account and areas of incompatibility identified. When the leaders relate without conflict, the employees are prone to respect the leaders and discipline can be promoted in the workplace (Fletcher, 2005). The governance system is also another area that should be considered if the risks of the merger failing are to be reduced. Governing bodies such as program management steering committees have to be functioning effectively if the integration process is to run smoothly (Fletcher, 2005). The common mistake made is the assumption that checks and balance systems are the only elements required for stakeholder interests to receive effective corporate governance. Another measure that would reduce the risks of failure in the post-merger phase is the strategic evaluation and rewards systems applied on employee performance (Auerback, 1988). There is common tendency for people in organizations to resent the new colleagues who occupy a similar position but get significantly more recognition or compensation. When the performance management and reward systems are not approached delicately, a number of issues such as morale issues, reduced employee productivity and undesired turnover can arise (Fletcher, 2005). Conclusion Global mega-mergers face challenges in both the pre-merger and the post-merger phases which eventually create the risk of failure. Some measures that can reduce this risk of failure include carrying out of a comprehensive due diligence analysis that will result in the formation of a detailed and reliable target profile. It is important to ensure that the target company’s value, operational and functional aspects are gotten right before it can be chosen. In the post merger phase, it is important to ensure the full value potential of the merger is identified and unlocked. A program office is also essential for the coordination and monitoring of the process of integration across the different countries, operational and functional units. Leadership compatibility cannot be overlooked and appropriate methodologies should be formulated to identify possible areas of leadership incompatibility. References Auerbach, A. J. (1988), Corporate Takeovers: Causes and Consequences, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Fletcher, A. (2005), Avoiding Post Merger Blues. Bearing Point Inc. International Drive, McLean, viewed April 27, 2012, http://www.imaa-institute.org/docs/ma/bearingpoint_01_avoiding%20post-merger%20blues.pdf Gaughan, P. A. (1991), Mergers and Acquisitions, HarperCollins, New York. Cartwright, S. and Schoenberg, R. (2006), â€Å"Thirty Years of Mergers and Acquisitions Research: Recent Advances and Future Opportunities†, British Journal of Management, vol. 1, issue S1, pp.S1–S5. Ghadar, F. and Ghemawat, P. (2000), The Dubious Logic of Global MegaMergers. Harvard Business Review. Graham, Edward M., and J. David Richardson, eds. (1997), Global Competition Policy, Institute for International Economics, Washington DC. Hill, C. (2010), International Business – Competing in the Global Marketplace, (8th Edition) McGraw Hill, London. James, G. (2007), Lessons from Mega-mergers, CBS News, viewed April 27, 2012, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505125_162-51163246/lessons-from-the-mega-mergers/ Straub, T. (2007), Reasons for frequent failure in Mergers and Acquisitions: A comprehensive analysis, Deutscher Universitats-Verlag, Wiesbaden. How to cite International Business And Mergers And Acquisitions, Essay examples International Business and mergers and acquisitions Free Essays string(48) " complex due to the size of both organizations\." Essay question 1 Introduction Many activities of mergers and acquisitions involve companies that are relatively small- those that are inexistent on the mainstream business radar (James, 2007). There is a particular theory among executives that expansion is the best way to approach globalization. The idea has been shared for more than 100 years as illustrated by Karl Marx’s perception a hundred years ago that a single capitalist will always kill many others. We will write a custom essay sample on International Business and mergers and acquisitions or any similar topic only for you Order Now This meant that several capitalists that are constantly dwindling will in the end monopolize everything. The situation in global mega-mergers, then, is a do-or-die one where the business entity desiring to survive, has to be among the biggest players in the world. There are a number of benefits that are associated with mega-mergers but limitations exist as well (Hill, 2010). Benefits of global mega-mergers Strategic benefits come with a combination of two organizations that are highly complementary. When the companies combine, the fixed costs get to be reduced since the duplicate departments and operations get to be removed. Profit margins also increase resulting from the lowered costs of the organization relative to a similar revenue stream. A number of efficiencies also get to be improved after the mega-merge for instance when the merge leads to an increase in the scope of marketing (Graham et al, 1997). Another strategic benefit associated with mega-mergers is the increase in revenue or market share that comes with the merge (Gaughan, 1991). The two companies combining here are both international companies that trade in the international market hence each company’s competitive power is high. The eventual entity that will be formed from the two combining companies will absorb this competing power and increase the market power of the resulting organization. An example of these strategic benefits in a mega-merger is the 2001 merging of Hewlett-Packard and the Compaq companies (James, 2007). Initially HP went through the usual challenges of a merge including internal turmoil that resulted from the laying off of a considerable number of former Compaq workers. The stocks of the Company went down and in the company’s efforts to market as well as differentiate the two PC’s brands; Dell took advantage and absorbed the market share. However, four years later the two organizations consolidated well and HP increased its market power, the cost structure became improved and the company went ahead to become the largest vendor of PC in the world (James, 2007). Limitations of global mega-mergers Global mega-mergers require a considerable amount of time and effort before the two organizations can successfully consolidate and integrate the operational functions smoothly. This is probably the biggest limitation of a global mega-merger since people issues will have to be addressed and coming to terms with the new company’s organizational details will not be immediate. Additionally, an extremely complicated merger is less likely to survive the integration process (Straub, 2007). Sometimes the expansion of the company is not a corporate desire but rather it is influenced by the market trend and the herd behavior (Ghadar and Ghemawat, 2000). When other companies in a particular industry choose to follow a particular path, the other companies are inclined to follow suit in order for them to signal that they are ‘with it’ or just to hide in the herd and not stand out as the odd one out (Ghadar and Ghemawat, 2000). An example is a manager of a European bank who sees a majority of its larger competitors choosing to go pan-European (Ghadar and Ghemawat, 2000). This manager would be inclined to follow suit to avoid being the odd one out although the manager is aware that there is a tendency of size increasing complexity instead of savings. This pack mentality is further reinforced by incentive systems in the industry that base the performance of a CEO on the comparison between the company’s performance and that of its competitors (Ghadar and Ghem awat, 2000). Global mega mergers cause the company to overlook other equally beneficial alternative approaches to globalization. The fact that many companies share a common assumption that mergers are the best way to deal with globalization blinds the companies to other better options. The only occasion that a merger can be considered appropriate and necessary is when it is recommended after a detailed assessment of the market conditions and the strategic options of the company (Cartwright and Schoenberg, 2006). Many executives believe the global economy to be an economy that favors the winner alone although no empirical evidence has been found yet to validate this assumption (Cartwright and Schoenberg, 2006). Resulting from this assumption, executives believe that the larger the cross-border deal they engage in, the stronger the company becomes globally. This limited view makes them forget that there are other alternative ways that can be used to approach globalization rather than continuous expansion. Conclusion The idea that global mega-mergers are the right approach to globalization is beneficial if it is done for the right reasons and after a comprehensive assessment of the appropriateness and the risk factors. The strategic benefits that come with the merging elevate the company to new heights in the market. Successful consolidation results in increased market power as well as revenues. The problem sets in when the MA activities are done from influence, the herd behavior or a misguided notion of the approach to globalization. This usually leads to a complicated merger whose probability of surviving the integration or consolidation process is very low. Essay question 2 Introduction Business leaders engaging in a merger or acquisition get to be confronted with diverse challenges especially when the activity is taking place within a complex cross-border event. The global mega-merger is one such type of merger that poses numerous challenges both prior to and after the merging activity. This can be attributed partly to the large size of both organizations since they are more diversified. In addition, the processes that will be followed before and after the merger is completed will be complex due to the size of both organizations. You read "International Business and mergers and acquisitions" in category "Essay examples" A sound strategy as well as a deep understanding of the issues relating to the operations, tax, and culture of both organizations is very necessary if the planning and initiating of the MA deal in the pre-merger phase is to be successful. The negotiation and valuation skills also have to be comprehensive in order for the deal to be closed favorably. The challenges tend to magnify after the deal is closed. The post-merger integration phase is characterized by the strategic buyers unlocking the announced value and integration of a number of functions, cultures and processes. The challenges that crop up prior to and after the deal is closed create a risk of failure that must be reduced if not eliminated. Measures in pre-merger phase In the pre-merger phase, priority should be on selecting the appropriate acquisition target. In order to reduce the risks of failure, the pre-merger phase has to be approached through a comprehensive due diligence analysis. The comprehensive due diligence will enable the two firms to have clear picture of what they are getting into or what they are becoming a part of. The target profile will therefore be created in the due diligence analysis. The appropriate attorneys, tax advisors as well as auditors have to be consulted before the complete target profile is formed (Straub, 2007). A target profile that follows this thorough analysis is less likely to result to an inappropriate target choice. The eventual target profile created enables the company to realize which the best possible deal is and which is not. This is then followed by sound negotiating skills. After the experts value the target, other professional with the necessary negotiation skills should be introduced to go through with the negotiation process. This detailed process starting from the due diligence analysis to the negotiation process will ensure every possible aspect has been observed and the risk of the merger failing because there was an element that was overlooked gets to be reduced. When the full value potential of a merger is not identified and unlocked the risk of the merger failing stays high (Auerback, 1988). Value can only be created in a merger when the synergies’ value is more than the paid acquisition premium. In order to identify and unlock the full value of the merger, the revenue and asset efficiency have to be enhanced, the OPEX and cost of capital have to be reduced, and the integration costs have to be monitored tightly (Straub, 2007). Areas with the highest value potential can be identified when industry-specific benchmarks and synergy opportunity checklists are utilized. A number of benefits spots need to be sought aiming to unlock more sources of value from the merger in addition to the pure consolidation benefits and reconfiguration benefits. Measures in the post-merger phase In the post-merger integration, a long term strategy should be planned to be applied starting the first day. It is also important to define the target state of the new entity. The integration master plan formulated will determine the clarification of the new business as well as that of the operating model. The merger needs sustainable employee support which can be ensured through application of meaningful communication together with a cultural change program (Straub, 2007). Cross-border mergers are large and complex and therefore require a program office that will coordinate and monitor the process of integration across the different countries, functions, as well as business units. The post-merger phase also requires an MA lifecycle management to be carried out consistently so that business areas that are not fitting the corporate strategy can be divested (Straub, 2007). This divestment reduces the risks of the merger failing resulting from allocation of resources to business areas not fitting the corporate strategy. A divestment strategy should then be developed, potential areas of divestment identified and analyzed and an appropriate demerger concept designed (Auerback, 1988). Leadership compatibility issues also have to be taken into account and areas of incompatibility identified. When the leaders relate without conflict, the employees are prone to respect the leaders and discipline can be promoted in the workplace (Fletcher, 2005). The governance system is also another area that should be considered if the risks of the merger failing are to be reduced. Governing bodies such as program management steering committees have to be functioning effectively if the integration process is to run smoothly (Fletcher, 2005). The common mistake made is the assumption that checks and balance systems are the only elements required for stakeholder interests to receive effective corporate governance. Another measure that would reduce the risks of failure in the post-merger phase is the strategic evaluation and rewards systems applied on employee performance (Auerback, 1988). There is common tendency for people in organizations to resent the new colleagues who occupy a similar position but get significantly more recognition or compensation. When the performance management and reward systems are not approached delicately, a number of issues such as morale issues, reduced employee productivity and undesired turnover can arise (Fletcher, 2005). Conclusion Global mega-mergers face challenges in both the pre-merger and the post-merger phases which eventually create the risk of failure. Some measures that can reduce this risk of failure include carrying out of a comprehensive due diligence analysis that will result in the formation of a detailed and reliable target profile. It is important to ensure that the target company’s value, operational and functional aspects are gotten right before it can be chosen. In the post merger phase, it is important to ensure the full value potential of the merger is identified and unlocked. A program office is also essential for the coordination and monitoring of the process of integration across the different countries, operational and functional units. Leadership compatibility cannot be overlooked and appropriate methodologies should be formulated to identify possible areas of leadership incompatibility. References Auerbach, A. J. (1988), Corporate Takeovers: Causes and Consequences, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Fletcher, A. (2005), Avoiding Post Merger Blues. Bearing Point Inc. International Drive, McLean, viewed April 27, 2012, http://www.imaa-institute.org/docs/ma/bearingpoint_01_avoiding%20post-merger%20blues.pdf Gaughan, P. A. (1991), Mergers and Acquisitions, HarperCollins, New York. Cartwright, S. and Schoenberg, R. (2006), â€Å"Thirty Years of Mergers and Acquisitions Research: Recent Advances and Future Opportunities†, British Journal of Management, vol. 1, issue S1, pp.S1–S5. Ghadar, F. and Ghemawat, P. (2000), The Dubious Logic of Global MegaMergers. Harvard Business Review. Graham, Edward M., and J. David Richardson, eds. (1997), Global Competition Policy, Institute for International Economics, Washington DC. Hill, C. (2010), International Business – Competing in the Global Marketplace, (8th Edition) McGraw Hill, London. James, G. (2007), Lessons from Mega-mergers, CBS News, viewed April 27, 2012, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505125_162-51163246/lessons-from-the-mega-mergers/ Straub, T. (2007), Reasons for frequent failure in Mergers and Acquisitions: A comprehensive analysis, Deutscher Universitats-Verlag, Wiesbaden. How to cite International Business and mergers and acquisitions, Essay examples

Perceptions Of Feedback And Effect Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Perceptions Of Feedback And Effect. Answer: Feedback refers to the information about a persons performance of any task, an effectiveness of which is considered the key tool in the process of learning in case of students. Good feedback makes any information more qualitative that helps students to understand the concept of the study as a whole. There are different types of feedback serving different purposes. However, an effective feedback helps to evaluate the quality of any work. Considering the students perspective, it is essential that they realize the need of effective feedback and reconsider their perception about the same. The article emphasize on the students perceptions of feedback. It elevates the concept of effectiveness of feedback, which is an essential requisite for students in their academic life. The authors study four different groups of students to make a thematic analysis in order to figure out the perception of the students on effective feedback. Effective feedback serves as a communication tool and evaluates the impact and credibility of it on the students. Late feedback on the other side hampers the academic result of the students. The article draws out the existing relation between feedback and the perceptions of the teachers or lecturers. Apart from the perception, impact and credibility of students connoted as the key dimensions of effective feedback, the need for proper communication between the teachers and students. Methods of practice and research are equally given importance. Thus, the article helps to accelerate the need and use of effective feedback for students and denotes its implications on the students surveyed for the study. The article serves to be very useful for further studies on the topic. The drawback of the article is that since only four-selected group of students have been surveyed from University of Sydney, the results may vary in analyzing students from different backgrounds. The article makes a review on the core concept of feedback, formulating a theoretical research that includes feedback in classrooms. It studies the impact of feedback from teachers to influence the academic career of the students. The effective feedback from teachers shapes the behavior of the students as constructed from the behaviorism theory. The feedback makes the students to indulge in focused tasks and work on their mistakes instantly. It helps them to realize the difference between the performance done and the performance expected of them. A bridging of this gap improves the efficiency of the students for which an active guidance and participation of the teachers is compulsory to provide them with effective feedback. Several characteristics influencing feedback such as timings, emotions and effects of feedback on learners are studied that helps to understand the depth of the concept. Separate charts that identify the feedback characteristics have made the concept very clear in creasing the applicability of the article for further understanding of the concept. The pitfall of the article is that the theories dealt with, in the article are explicitly discussed that lacks clarity and descriptions. Some of the theories do not focus on the perspectives of the teachers or lecturers that often make the study complicated. Bibliography: Poulos, A., Mahony, M. J. (2008). Effectiveness of feedback: The students perspective.Assessment Evaluation in Higher Education,33(2), 143-154. Thurlings, M., Vermeulen, M., Bastiaens, T., Stijnen, S. (2013). Understanding feedback: A learning theory perspective.Educational Research Review,9, 1-15.